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Ni John Fru Ndi (born 7 July 1941) is a Cameroonian politician. He founded the Social Democratic Front (SDF), the main opposition party in Cameroon, in 1990, and he has led the party since then.〔Sarli Sardou Nana, ("A Brief Narrative on the Man Ni John Fru Ndi" ), SDF website.〕 ==Life and career== Fru Ndi was born in Baba II, near Bamenda in the Northwest Province of Cameroon.〔〔Nantang Jua, "Ndi, Ni John Fru", in ''Encyclopedia of the Developing World'' (2006), ed. Thomas M. Leonard, page 1116.〕 The title of Ni, a marker of respect, was given to him when he was born.〔 He attended school in Cameroon at the Baforchu Basel Mission and the Santa Native Authority before going to Nigeria to study (at Lagos City College) and work in 1957.〔〔 In 1966, he returned to Cameroon and began selling vegetables.〔 He ran a bookstore in Bamenda, the Ebibi Book Centre,〔〔 headed a football club from 1979 to 1988, and headed the Lions Club International branch in Bamenda from 1987 to 1988. He was a candidate of the ruling Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC) in the Mezan Central constituency during the single-party 1988 parliamentary election, losing to a different RDPC list.〔 Fru Ndi was one of the co-founder of SDF, an opposition party, in 1990.〔 He was elected as the SDF's National Chairman at its 1st Ordinary National Convention, held in Bamenda in May 1992.〔("Pioneer Members of the SDF National Executive Committee (1992-1999) elected at the 1st Ordinary National Convention of the Party, holding at the Catholic Mission Hall Big Mankon, Bamenda, May 21-26, 1992." ), SDF website.〕 In the October 1992 presidential election, he made a strong showing against President Paul Biya, losing with 36% of the vote against Biya's 40% according to official results〔John Mukum Mbaku, "Decolonization, Reunification and Federation in Cameroon", in ''The Leadership Challenge in Africa: Cameroon Under Paul Biya'' (2004), ed. John Mukum Mbaku and Joseph Takougang, page 34.〕 (in Fru Ndi's stronghold, Northwest Province, he officially won 86.3%〔Joseph-Marie Zambo Belinga, "An explanation of electoral attitudes in Cameroon 1990–92: a new appraisal", in ''Liberal Democracy and Its Critics in Africa: Political Dysfunction and the Struggle for Social Progress'' (2005), ed. Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo, Zed Books, page 51.〕). This election was condemned as fraudulent by the opposition,〔 and Fru Ndi and third place opposition candidate Maigari Bello Bouba unsuccessfully sought for the election to be annulled by the Supreme Court.〔("Chronology for Westerners in Cameroon" ), cidcm.umd.edu.〕 Amidst the outbreak of violence in the North-West Province that followed the election, Fru Ndi was placed under house arrest〔〔Nantang Jua, "The Power Elite, the State, and Transition Politics in Cameroon", ''Political Liberalization and Democratization in Africa: Lessons from Country Experiences'' (2003), ed. Julius Omozuanvbo Ihonvbere and John Mukum Mbaku, Greenwood Publishing Group, page 97.〕 in late October 1992. After about a month, he was released.〔 On 20 January 1993, Fru Ndi, along with his wife Rose, attended the inauguration of United States President Bill Clinton. He and Rose were photographed with Clinton and Clinton's wife Hillary, and Fru Ndi's presence at the event had a symbolic impact in Cameroon, giving the impression of recognition and legitimacy in light of Fru Ndi's claim to have won the 1992 election.〔Milton H. Krieger and Joseph Takougang, ''African State and Society in the 1990s: Cameroon's Political Crossroads'' (2000), Westview Press, page 161.〕 Along with other opposition parties, the SDF chose to boycott the October 1997 presidential election.〔("Cameroon: IRIN-WA Special Briefing on Presidential Elections" ), October 11, 1997.〕 Fru Ndi was re-elected as SDF Chairman at the party's fifth congress in April 1999, receiving 1,561 votes from delegates against 40 for his challenger, Chretien Tabetsing.〔"Cameroon: Fru Ndi re -elected Social Democratic Front chairman", AFP, April 19, 1999.〕 Fru Ndi was the SDF candidate in the October 2004 presidential election; according to official results, he took second place with 17.40% of the vote against 70.92% for Biya.〔(Candidates list on 2004 election website ).〕 He received his best results in Northwest Province (68.16%), followed by West Province (45.04%), Littoral Province (32.71%), and Southwest Province (30.59%).〔(2004 candidate results page for Fru Ndi ).〕 Fru Ndi alleged fraud in the July 2007 parliamentary election and called for it to be annulled;〔("Le SDF exige l’annulation des législatives et municipales au Cameroun" ), Panapress (Jeuneafrique.com), August 2, 2007 .〕 in the election, the SDF won the second highest number of seats but was far behind the ruling RDPC, which won an overwhelming majority of seats. After the election, Fru Ndi said that Biya should recognize him as the official leader of the opposition.〔("Cameroon: Fru Ndi claims status as opposition leader" ), African Press Agency, August 23, 2007.〕 Fru Ndi said on November 14, 2007 that he would be willing to meet with Biya. He said that Biya had not invited him to meet and that he had tried to meet Biya several times, contradicting Biya's statement on French television that Fru Ndi had not responded to his invitation.〔("L'opposant John Fru Ndi prêt à rencontrer Paul Biya" ), Panapress, November 15, 2007 .〕 On 12 April 2008, Fru Ndi called for a national day of mourning on 21 April 2008 to commemorate the individuals who died during the 2008 anti-government protests and the "death of democracy" in Cameroon. Fru Ndi indicated that he believed the 2008 changes to the Constitution were intended to enable President Biya to be lifelong dictator of Cameroon and that the changes would institutionalize corruption, immunity, and inertia.〔(Le Sdf appelle à une journée de deuil national )〕 Fru Ndi again stood unsuccessfully as a candidate in the October 2011 presidential election, placing a distant second behind Biya. A few days after the election, on October 17, 2011, Fru Ndi, alongside other presidential candidates, called an emergency meeting to demand that Biya annul the election. In the April 2013 Senate election, Fru Ndi stood as a candidate in the Northwest Province, his primary support base. The indirect election marked the creation of the upper house of Parliament; previously only the National Assembly had existed. Fru Ndi failed to win a seat in the Senate. He alleged that the ruling party had bribed some SDF local councilors.〔Clarisse Juompan-Yakam, ("Cameroun : John Fru Ndi, la gifle !" ), ''Jeune Afrique'', 29 April 2013 .〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Fru Ndi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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